Sodium Lactate Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Form (Powder, Liquid), By Application (Cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals, Food & Beverages), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2022 - 2030

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology And Scope
1.1 Market Segmentation & Scope
1.2 Market Definition
1.3 Information Procurement
1.3.1 Purchased Database
1.3.2 Gvr’s Internal Database
1.4 Information Analysis
1.5 Market Formulation & Data Visualization
1.6 Data Validation & Publishing
1.6.1 Research Scope And Assumptions
1.6.2 List To Data Sources
Chapter 2. Executive Summary
2.1 Market Snapshot
2.2 Segmental Outlook
2.3 Competitive Insights
Chapter 3. Sodium Lactate: Market Variables, Trends & Scope
3.1 Market Lineage Outlook
3.1.1 Global Lactic Acid Market Outlook
3.1.2 Global Organic Acid Market Outlook
3.2 Penetration & Growth Prospect Mapping
3.3 Industry Value Chain Analysis
3.3.1 Raw Material Trends
3.3.2 Manufacturing Trends
3.3.2.1 Production Of Sodium Lactate Using Calcium Lactate
3.3.2.2 Precipitation Of Magnesium Hydroxide From Magnesium Lactate Solution
3.4 Price Trend Analysis, 2018 - 2030
3.4.1 Factors Influencing Prices
3.5 Regulatory Framework
3.6 Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic
3.7 Market Dynamics
3.7.1 Market Driver Analysis
3.7.1.1 Increasing Production And Consumption Of Meat Products
3.7.1.2 Growth In Global Cosmetics Industry
3.7.2 Market Restraint Analysis
3.7.2.1 High Dependency On Imports
3.7.3 Market Opportunity Analysis
3.8 Industry Analysis- Porter’s Analysis
3.9 Macroeconomic Analysis- Pestle
Chapter 4. Sodium Lactate Market: Form Estimates & Trend Analysis
4.1 Form Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2021 & 2030 (%)
4.2 Sodium Lactate Market Size & Forecasts And Trend Analysis By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
4.2.1 Powder
4.2.1.1 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Powder, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
4.2.2 Liquid
4.2.2.1 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Liquid, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Chapter 5. Sodium Lactate Market: Application Estimates & Trend Analysis
5.1 Application Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2021 & 2030 (%)
5.2 Sodium Lactate Market Size & Forecasts And Trend Analysis By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
5.2.1 Cosmetics
5.2.1.1乳酸钠市场估计和Forecasts, By Cosmetics, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
5.2.2 Pharmaceuticals
5.2.2.1 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Pharmaceutical, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
5.2.3 Food & Beverages
5.2.3.1 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Food & Beverages, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
5.2.4 Others
5.2.4.1 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Others, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Chapter 6. Vendor Landscape For Pharmaceutical Application
6.1 List of Manufacturers (Specific To Pharmaceutical Application)
Chapter 7. Sodium Lactate Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis
7.1 Global Sodium Lactate Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2021 & 2030 (%)
7.1.1 Global Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Region, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
7.2 North America
7.2.1 North America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.2.2 North America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.2.3 U.S.
7.2.3.1 U.S. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.2.3.2 U.S. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.2.4 Canada
7.2.4.1 Canada Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.2.4.2 Canada Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.2.5 Mexico
7.2.5.1 Mexico Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.2.5.2 Mexico Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3 Europe
7.3.1 Europe Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.2 Europe Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.3 U.K.
7.3.3.1 U.K. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.3.2 U.K. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.4 Germany
7.3.4.1 Germany Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.4.2 Germany Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.5 France
7.3.5.1 France Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.5.2 France Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.6 Italy
7.3.6.1 Italy Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.3.6.2 Italy Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4 Asia Pacific
7.4.1 Asia Pacific Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.2 Asia Pacific Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.3 China
7.4.3.1中国市场估计和乳酸钠Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.3.2 China Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.4 India
7.4.4.1 India Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.4.2 India Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.5 Japan
7.4.5.1 Japan Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.5.2 Japan Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.6 South Korea
7.4.6.1 South Korea Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.4.6.2 South Korea Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.5 Central & South America
7.5.1 Central & South America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.5.2 Central & South America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.5.3 Brazil
7.5.3.1 Brazil Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.5.3.2 Brazil Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.5.4 Argentina
7.5.4.1 Argentina Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.5.4.2 Argentina Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.6 Middle East & Africa
7.6.1 Middle East & Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.6.2 Middle East & Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.6.3 South Africa
7.6.3.1 South Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.6.3.2 South Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.6.4 Saudi Arabia
7.6.4.1 Saudi Arabia Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
7.6.4.2 Saudi Arabia Sodium Lactate Market Estimates And Forecasts, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Chapter 8. Competitive Landscape
8.1 Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, By Key Market Participants
8.2 Company Market Positioning Analysis
8.3 Vendor Landscape
8.3.1 List Of Key Raw Material Suppliers
8.3.2 List Of Key Manufacturers
8.3.3 List Of Key Suppliers/Distributors
8.3.4 List Of Key End Users
8.4 Competitive Environment
8.5 Strategy Framework
Chapter 9. Competitive Landscape - Company Profile
9.1 Jungbunzlauer Suisse Ag
9.1.1 Company Overview
9.1.2 Financial Performance
9.1.3 Product Benchmarking
9.2 Hefei Tnj Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
9.2.1 Company Overview
9.2.2 Financial Performance
9.2.3 Product Benchmarking
9.2.4 Strategic Initiative
9.3 Foodchem International Corporation
9.3.1 Company Overview
9.3.2 Financial Performance
9.3.3 Product Benchmarking
9.4 Luoyang Longmen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
9.4.1 Company Overview
9.4.2 Financial Performance
9.4.3 Product Benchmarking
9.5 Corbion
9.5.1 Company Overview
9.5.2 Financial Performance
9.5.3 Product Benchmarking
9.5.4 Strategic Initiatives
9.6 Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co., Ltd.
9.6.1 Company Overview
9.6.2 Financial Performance
9.6.3 Product Benchmarking
9.7 Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.
9.7.1 Company Overview
9.7.2 Financial Performance
9.7.3 Product Benchmarking
9.8 Dr. Paul Lohmann Gmbh & Co. Kgaa
9.8.1 Company Overview
9.8.2 Financial Performance
9.8.3 Product Benchmarking
9.9 Jiaan任何ch
9.9.1 Company Overview
9.9.2 Financial Performance
9.9.3 Product Benchmarking
9.10 Qingdao Great Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.
9.10.1 Company Overview
9.10.2 Financial Performance
9.10.3 Product Benchmarking

List of Tables

Table 1 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Powder, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Table 2 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Liquid, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Table 3 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Cosmetics, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Table 4 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Pharmaceutical, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Table 5 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Food & Beverages, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Table 6 Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Others, 2018 - 2030 (Tons) (USD Thousand)
Table 7 List of manufacturers specific to pharmaceutical end-use
Table 8 Global Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Region, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons)
Table 9 Global Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Region, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 10 North America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 11 North America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 12 North America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 13 North America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 14 U.S. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 15 U.S. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 16 U.S. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 17 U.S. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 18 Canada Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 19 Canada Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 20 Canada Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 21 Canada Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 22 Mexico Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 23 Mexico Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 24 Mexico Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 25 Mexico Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 26 Europe Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 27 Europe Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 28 Europe Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 29 Europe Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 30 U.K. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 31 U.K. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 32 U.K.Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 33 U.K. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 34 Germany Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 35 Germany. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 36 Germany Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 37 Germany Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 38 France. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 39 France. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 40 France Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 41 France Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 42 Italy. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 43 Italy. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 44 Italy Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 45 Italy Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 46 Asia Pacific Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 47 Asia Pacific Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 48 Asia Pacific Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 49 Asia Pacific Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 50 China Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 51 China Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 52 China Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
53中国市场估计和乳酸钠Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 54 India Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 55 India Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 56 India Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 57 India Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 58 Japan Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 59 Japan Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 60 Japan Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 61 Japan Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 62 South Korea Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 63 South Korea Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 64 South Korea Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 65 South Korea Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 66 Central & South America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 67 Central & South America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 68 Central & South America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 69 Central & South America Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 70 Brazil Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 71 Brazil Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 72 Brazil Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 73 Brazil Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 74 Argentina Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 75 Argentina. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 76 Argentina Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
表77阿根廷钠Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 78 Middle East & Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 79 Middle East & Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 80 Middle East & Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 81 Middle East & Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 82 South Africa. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 83 South Africa. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 84 South Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 85 South Africa Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 86 Saudi Arabia Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 87 Saudi Arabia. Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Form, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 88 Saudi Arabia Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (Tons)
Table 89 Saudi Arabia Sodium Lactate Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Thousand)
Table 90 Recent developments undertaken by key global players and their impact
Table 91 List of Key Raw Material Suppliers
Table 92 List of Key Manufacturers
Table 93 List of Key Suppliers/Distributors
Table 94 List of Key End Users

List of Figures

Fig. 1 Sodium Lactate Market Segmentation & Scope
Fig. 2 Information procurement
Fig. 3 Data analysis models
Fig. 4 Market formulation and validation
Fig. 5 Data validating & publishing
Fig. 6 Sodium Lactate Market Snapshot
Fig. 7 Sodium Lactate Market Segmental Outlook, By Region, 2021 (USD Thousand)
Fig. 8 Sodium Lactate market, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
Fig. 9 Sodium Lactate Market - Value Chain Analysis
Fig. 10 Sodium Lactate Market - Price Trend Analysis, 2018 - 2030 (USD/kg)
Fig. 11 Sodium Lactate Market - Market Dynamics
Fig. 12 World Meat Production, 2000 - 2019, (Thousand Tons)
Fig. 13 World Meat Per Capita Consumption (2018 - 2030) (kg rwt)
Fig. 14 Growth of worldwide Cosmetics market 2011 - 2019
Fig. 15 PORTER’S Analysis
Fig. 16 PESTEL Analysis
Fig. 17 Sodium Lactate market revenue share, by Form, 2021 & 2030 (%)
Fig. 18 Sodium Lactate market revenue share, by Application, 2021 & 2030 (%)
Fig. 19 Sodium Lactate revenue market, by region, 2021 & 2030, (%)
Fig. 20 Sodium Lactate Market - Company Market Positioning
Fig. 21 Sodium Lactate Market - Strategy Framework